• Previous instrumental test results: ultrasound, X-rays, CT, MRI, radionuclide diagnostics, endoscopic studies, etc. These may be stored on digital media (CD/DVD, USB) or printed on film/paper;
• Pathological, cytological, or histopathological findings with or without descriptions;
• Therapist’s report noting chronic comorbidities;
• Laboratory test data (blood, urine, and other biological samples);
• Detailed description of prior radiation therapy (equipment used, irradiation fields, doses, dates and duration, etc.);
• Any other documents related to diagnosis and treatment.

What is radiation therapy?

Radiation therapy is cancer treatment using radiation. It can be delivered in various ways, depending on the nature of your cancer. The most commonly used method is external beam radiation therapy (from a device outside the body) that directs radiation at your tumor.

How does radiation therapy work?

Although radiation affects both cancerous and normal cells, it primarily targets cancer cells. Curative treatment delivers the highest possible radiation dose to the cancer (within safe limits) to destroy all malignant cells. Lower doses may be used to shrink tumors and/or relieve symptoms.

How is treatment planned?

Each radiation therapy course is customized for the individual, so you`re usually asked to visit the center beforehand to plan your treatment. A radiation oncologist and radiation therapists will perform this using X-rays and scans from a device called a simulator. Your skin will be marked with colored pens to guide treatment placement. Permanent marks may be made using special dye.

These marks help accurately locate the treatment area during each session. If you require a shell, markings will be placed on it instead of your skin.

If you’re receiving therapy for your mouth or throat, a dental checkup may be needed before treatment begins.

Do I need to stay in the hospital?

Most people are treated as outpatients, but your radiation oncologist will advise if hospitalization is better for you.

Will I have tests during treatment?

You may need occasional blood or urine tests during the course, depending on the treated area. Some people also undergo X-rays or scans, which are part of standard care and nothing to worry about.

How is radiation therapy delivered?

It’s delivered via a linear accelerator or, for some skin tumors, a superficial X-ray unit. You lie on a couch under the machine and must stay still during treatment.

Will it hurt?

The treatment is completely painless. You won’t see or feel the radiation.

Will I become radioactive?

No, that is not possible.

How long does treatment last?

Your radiation oncologist will inform you. Courses can range from one session to five per week over six weeks depending on treatment goals and body area. Most are delivered Monday to Friday.

How long is each session?

This varies by machine and treatment plan. Sessions may last from 5 to 15 minutes, occasionally longer. Your therapist will explain at the first session.

Can I continue working?

If you wish to work during treatment, ask your radiation oncologist. They can advise if it’s feasible depending on your treatment plan.

What happens after treatment?

Immediate side effects usually subside within one to two weeks. Radiation’s full effect is often seen several weeks after the last session.

Will I be followed up after treatment?

You’ll be seen again at your hospital or referred to your GP. The first follow-up is typically 4–6 weeks after your course ends. Your oncologist will explain the schedule.

Can radiation therapy cause permanent harm?

Therapy is carefully planned, but sometimes sensitive tissues are affected. Effective treatment sometimes requires high doses near the tolerance limit of healthy tissue. Bowel, bladder, and nerves are especially sensitive. About 5% of patients may have serious side effects. But this must be weighed against the risks of untreated or recurring cancer.

If gonads (ovaries/testes) are in the radiation field, fertility and hormonal function can be affected. Discuss this with your oncologist beforehand.

If any future issues seem linked to your therapy, contact your oncologist or GP. If you’re at special risk, your doctor will discuss it. Radiation therapy is offered because its benefits far outweigh the risks.

Are there things I should or shouldn’t do during treatment?

Try to live as normally as possible. Treat radiation therapy as a break from your routine, not the center of your day. These tips may help:

What to Do and What to Avoid

Do:

• Drink fluids regularly – tea, coffee, milk, juice, water, or fizzy drinks (preferably sugar-free).
• Eat balanced meals. If you have poor appetite, try small frequent meals. A dietitian can help.
• Bathe or shower as usual using mild or baby soap. Gently pat treated skin dry instead of rubbing.

Don’t:

• Drink alcohol or eat spicy/very hot or cold food if your mouth, neck, or chest is being treated. Ask staff for details.
• Expose treated areas to the sun. Treated skin burns more easily and heals slowly. Use sunscreen later to prevent sunburn.
• Apply creams or deodorants to treated areas, as they may worsen skin reactions.

Are side effects likely?

Radiation therapy is localized, so side effects depend on the treated area. While many people have few or no side effects, you may experience one or more of the following:

• Nausea: Depending on the area, you may feel sick. Not everyone does. Tell your therapist or nurse so medication or diet changes can help.
• Diarrhea: Also area-dependent. Let staff know – medication and diet changes may help.
• Frequent urination: Treating lower abdomen/pelvis may increase frequency and discomfort. Drink more fluids but avoid alcohol, tea, and coffee. Notify staff to check for infection.
• Mouth/throat soreness: Happens only if this area is treated. Your therapist or nurse will advise on mouth care and eating.
• Hair loss: Occurs only in the treated area. Regrowth depends on dose. Your oncologist will explain what to expect. Regrowth may occur within a few months after treatment ends.